The palate, including the hard and soft palate, plays a role in modifying the resonance of the vocal tract. It helps shape the oral cavity, which, in turn, affects the sound produced during speech.

The vocal cords are the primary sound-producing elements in the larynx. When air from the lungs passes through the glottis, the tension and position of the vocal cords determine the pitch and loudness of the sound.

The soft palate is involved in sound production by controlling the passage of air between the oral and nasal cavities. When the soft palate is raised, it closes off the nasal cavity, directing all airflow through the mouth for oral sounds.

The hard palate’s firm structure helps in articulating specific speech sounds, particularly those that involve contact between the tongue and palate, such as some consonant sounds.

The back of the head and the pharynx (throat) aren’t directly involved in sound production, but play a role when the tongue is placed against them.

Teeth play a role in articulating speech sounds by helping to shape and control the airflow when the tongue or lips interact with them. An example is the [θ] at the end of the word teeth.

The tongue is a crucial articulator for speech sounds. Its movements, placement, and contact with other parts of the mouth, such as the palate, teeth, and alveolar ridge, contribute to the production of a wide range of speech sounds.

The face, including the nasal passages, influences the quality of sounds by shaping the resonant cavities. Nasal sounds are produced by allowing air to escape through the nasal passages during speech.

The lips are essential in forming speech sounds, especially bilabial sounds (sounds produced with both lips), such as “p,” “b,” and “m.” They also contribute to lip-rounding in some vowel sounds.

The thyroid cartilage is not directly involved in sound production but plays a protective role for the vocal cords, which are responsible for sound generation. It helps maintain the stability of the larynx and protects the vocal apparatus.